Turning Disabled to Abled in the Performance Art World

Turning Disabled to Abled in the Performance Art World

By Mikaela Arnold

        The word “disabled” has many meanings. To some, it is used to identify people who have some sort of disability that challenge those who have them. It comes from the prefix word dis and the surfex ability. Dis means “reversing force” (dis-) and ability means “power or capacity to do or act…” (ability).  To me it is just a word-a word that carries a broad range of conditions. People with disabilities can do just about anything that normal people can do with just a small amount of modification. Some can still sing, dance, and do sports. Some people can even participate in the performing arts. This paper will explore some of these people and the disabilities that make them special.

            In the early 1800’s the circus was a big part of entertainment. This period was called the “America’s gilded age”. There was a sub-genre of the circus called the “freak show”. The “freaks” were human beings that have rare mutations that science have not yet understood. These people were called giants, dwarfs, midgets, and two-headed humans. In today’s age we can understand that they are normal humans with disabilities that are still rare. People were so amazed at these unique individuals  that the circuses made lots of money for the organizers. Some of these people were taken advantage of and or used for awful Nazi era science experiments. Let’s look at some of the performers.

            Millie and Cristine were twins that were born fused together. They shared organs and body parts. This condition is called “dicephalic parapagus” better known as conjoined twins. (MACLEAN)They were born in the days of slavery to two African slaves. Their disability caused them to not be able to work like the other slaves thus, being named useless to the slave owner. So, they were sent to the circus where they first put on display for the medical community. They were later rehomed to a chimpanzee trainer named “Joseph Pearson Smith” who became their legal guardian(CandyGuy). He and his wife taught them how to sing for a few years until they perform at the circus under their stage name, “The Two-Headed Nightingale”. Sadly, since people did not understand their disability, they became one person rather than two separate girls. I can understand since they look like one person based on the science back then. They were very popular and brought in more money that they did when they started. The unfortunate fact about conjoined twins is that when one twin dies the other follows due to their shared heart and organs. This is what happened to Millie and Christine when they died in 1912. Millie died of tuberculosis causing Christine to die as well in just a few hours apart. There has been advances in the medical community that allow doctors to surgically separate conjoined twins so that they could live a more fulfilling life. This is highly complex and dangerous process, but it is interesting that it is possible.

            I remember when I was little I believed that dwarfs were myths. I believed that Professor Flickwick from Harry Potter was a CGI effect for his character in the movies. Nope and nope. They don’t perform magic but there are dwarfs in the world today. Some people call them “little people” and or midgets. Their disability is called Dwarfism-a genetic condition that causes a person to stay a short size roughly at 4 feet (dwarfism-causes-treatments). Meet the Ovitz family- a group of 7 members in the performing arts. In their hayday they sang and danced in their music trope. Not only did they have to overcome the challenges of dwarfism, but they also had to hide their Jewish heritage from the Nazis. (CandyGuy, THE OVITZ FAMILY – Nazi Experiments) The combination of being Jewish and a dwarf intrigue a mad Nazi scientist named “Dr. Mengale” who was the same scientist that experimented on twins. This scientist was a sick man that did horrible science experiments that I am not going to list here. If you have a dangerously curious mind, go to “The human marvels” website to find out more about the experiments. What I will tell you is that many innocent people died or were seriously traumatized in these experiments. The Ovitz family performed for the Nazis and for Hitler himself until they were saved by the Soviet Union. One of the members, Elizabeth, amazingly lived until 1992.

            On the other end of the spectrum is the very sweet pinhead named Schlitzie. Schlitzie had a condition called microcephalus that causes on to have an abnormally small and pointy cranium (CandyGuy, thehumanmarvels). This causes the person to have decrease mental compacity. Schlitzie himself had the mindset of a four-year-old. This made him have a childish personality and eternally young. Everyone loved him. People who were pinheads were thought to have come from an alien species or an ancient race due to their odd appearance. Often, they were billed as a female due to the cutesy dresses and small frame. In 1932 Schlitzie stared in the movie, Freaks, directed by Tod Browning (Freaks (1932)). He died in 1971 as the oldest person to date with microcephalus.

            Moving from the gilded age to the 21^st century the opportunities for the disabled have increased. People are less likely to be called freak or mutants than in the past. Mutants are celebrated in some areas of comic books fans. We can learn more about rare medical mysteries from TV and the various corners of the internet. Ignorance of certain conditions can be fixed with a little bit of research. Still, there are some corners of the world that don’t understand that the disabled are just people that need help to succeed.

            I world like to talk briefly about a program called the Special Olympics. This program allows people who are disabled to compete in sports. It is a global organization. While most of the events are modified sports, there is a type of performing arts that is available-Equestrian. In the Special Olympics, Equestrian started in the 1980’s and is still around today. For those who don’t know, Equestrian involves riding horses. It involves balance, concentration, and strong legs. Some disabilities require a few people to walk beside the horse to make sure that the person doesn’t fall off the horse. Balance is a must unless you have a person siting behind the contestant. I competed in this competition for a few years before school life consumed me. At one time I took first place only to win third place the next year. It takes time and energy. I also took horseback riding lesson at Bakas Equestrian Center - a specialize facility that allows the disabled to ride horses as therapy (about).

            There are some people that still judge a person by there looks. People stare at disabled people and sometimes avoid them. Kids are interested in what is wrong with us. Adults should be like their kids and ask questions rather than judge on impulse. We are not robots. We are still human despite our differences. Let’s share the performing arts together!!

           

Bibliography

ability. n.d. 28 11 2017. <http://www.dictionary.com/browse/ability>.

about. n.d. 28 11 2017. <http://www.bakasridingcenter.com/about/>.

CandyGuy. millie-christine-the-two-headed-nightingale. n.d. 24 11 2017. <https://www.thehumanmarvels.com/millie-christine-the-two-headed-nightingale/>.

—. THE OVITZ FAMILY – Nazi Experiments. n.d. 28 11 2017. <https://www.thehumanmarvels.com/the-ovitz-family-nazi-experiments/>.

—. thehumanmarvels. n.d. 28 11 2017. <https://www.thehumanmarvels.com/schlitzie-the-pinhead/>.

dis-. n.d. 28 11 2017. <http://www.dictionary.com/browse/dis->.

dwarfism-causes-treatments. n.d. 28 11 2017. <https://www.webmd.com/children/dwarfism-causes-treatments#1>.

Freaks (1932). n.d. 28 11 2017. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0022913/?ref_=nm_knf_i2>.

MACLEAN, DAVE. conjoined-twins-two-heads-one-body-india-born. 31 10 2017. 28 11 2017. <http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/conjoined-twins-two-heads-one-body-india-born-a8029531.html>.

The Progression of Mobil Phones

The Progression of Mobil Phones

By Mikaela Arnold

            Technology has changed drastically since the days of the cavemen. The iPhone should be known as the most important technology of the 21^st century. This essay will discuss the progression of phones that inspired the making of the iPhone and the history leading up to the iPhone. We will revisit phones of the past starting with the earliest known cellphone. After discussing the history of phones, the essay will look at how the iPhone changed the way we connected with the world.

                 (Griffith) On the lock screen there was an option to change the lock screen’s wallpaper. Newer models allowed for more customization in the form of wallpapers for the home screen. They seem to grow bigger in screen size and memory space as newer models were developed. Newer generations of iPhone have Sire, a voice recognition software that allows the user to control their device just by using their voice. The next generation is getting rid of the home button and the headphone jack

Apple IPhone 1 2007 Steve Jobs

       The very first iPhone came out in 2011 with 4 to 8GB hard drive space. It was the first known device that worked as a photo album, phone, calendar, and music devices combined, Did I mention that the device had a camera to take pictures with. The first generation of iPhone did not have a background on the home screen.

     (Inc). There are some people who do not need a complex phone so they choose flip phones over the elaborate smartphones like the Iphone or Samsung Galaxy.

Cricket Wireless LG prepaid phone

 The idea of the cell phone is nothing new. For a while, flip phones were the main way to contact somebody. You could call and text your family or friends. These versions were limited to those features. The user had to type with the attached keyboard. Until the iPhone the user had to press one button multiple times to get the letter that they wanted. For example, if the user wanted to spell “Cat” the user would have to: press the number 2 button four times, the number 2 button two times, and then finally the number 8 button two times. This was not an easy feat for those with big hands or those with spasms. On the blackberry phones, the buttons on the keyboard were tiny and nearly impossible to type. Some people still buy this kind of phone as they are cheaper than smartphones. The price for the Cricket LG prepaid phone is $30 while the new Iphone has a price range from $700 to $800 not including the users monthly cell phone plan bill

            Before the flip phones came a very obtrusive, heavy device called the DynaTac that was invented by Martin Cooper and released on April 3, 1973 via a press conference. The phone had a heavy 2.5 pounds and stood at 9 inches tall. (Gregersen)It was the first mobile phone. The device could only call people. The user could only talk for 35 minutes before the phone had to be charged up. This was an improvement to the mobile devices introduced in the early 40’s. These devices could only be used in cars and only had 11 to 12 channels. The reason they could only be used in cars is because it could only be charged by the car’s battery—no usb cord and no portable battery. (Gregersen)

            The iPhone are a huge improvement from past Mobil phones. The Iphone can keep events in a calendar, take a picture with the camera app, call people, messenger them, face cam them—a app that allows the user to see the face of the user in real time, and play thousands of games with friends. The device has a way to backup all files to their own storing cloud website. In newer devices the user can use stickers and emojis to show feelings without typing. With apps like Facebook, Snapchat, Instagram, and skype you can interact with friends more easily than with a non-smartphone. There is now Facebook live where you can interact with the world with just the phone’s camera and a Facebook account. It gives the user more options that in the past.

             

Works Cited

·         content=Shopping%20-%20LG&woo_term=&kid=pla-295728560159&cid=902337558. n.d. Store. <ttps://www.cricketwireless.com/cell-phones/basic/lg-true.html?CAWELAID=120294630000000019&woo_campaign=SEM&woo_source=Google_PPC&woo_medium=keyword&woo_content=Shopping%20-%20LG&woo_term=&kid=pla-295728560159&cid=902337558>.

·         Gregersen, Erik. /biography/Martin-Cooper. 04 Septemberr 2017. 17 10 2017. <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Cooper>.

·         Griffith, Eric. A Visual History of the iPhone. 25 09 2017. 25 10 2017. <https://www.pcmag.com/feature/302519/a-visual-history-of-the-iphone/2>.

·         Inc, apple. buy-iphone. n.d. Shop. 17 10 2017. <https://www.apple.com/shop/buy-iphone/iphone-8>.

A look at Flipbook animation

A look at Flipbook animation

By Mikaela Arnold

            In the 21^st century there Is a great demand for big budget CGI animated movies. Recently there has been a boom to remake past line based animated Disney movies into live action movies. We already got he remake of Tarzan and the Jungle Book. There are talks about Lion King being remade like the others. These movies assets are probably being made in Autodesk Maya or blender. This costs the production more than a cartoon based animation to make and brings the budget of the film up. What if these movies were made with the flipbook style of animation? Would it be different?

            A flipbook is an interesting type of animation. This is because a flipbook is made and controlled by the artist not by a computer. The artists take either sheets of paper or a drawing book as the medium. Page by page the artist creates a single frame until he/she has reached the animation’s end. The viewer of the piece flips through the pages and the animation runs with the speed of the viewer’s flipping. Unlike computer animation, there are no play or pause button. There is no undo button. Knowing this, it brings a sense of awe and respect towards the artist. The artist cannot easily correct the animation like he/she could on a computer.

            Look at your comics and Manga books. When you think about it, when they are made into video form, the process looks like a flipbook. The artist or group of artists draw out the frames before sending it to the computer to be colored and compiled into video frames. The video frames are plopped into video editing software.

 Let’s look at Disney’s early animated video. One of the main reasons it took a while for animation was because the group of artists had to draw each frame then manually color them. The drawings then went through a video scanner thing to make sure that the frames flowed smoothly. That is probably why no one had done animation before 1937. Interestingly, 1,000,000 drawings were made for “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.” (Disney: The Making Of Snow White ( 1937 ))  “Snow White and the Seven dwarfs” had an income of  $2,000,000 with a box office amount of $184,925,485 (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)) while the newest Jungle Book live-action movie had a budget  of $175,000,000 with a gross income of  $364,001,123. As you can see, it took more money to make the live-action movie than it was to make the handrawned animation of the early days of Disney’s animation studio.

There are many types of flipbooks but I am going to discussed two of these types---the Kinora and the Filoscope. The Kinara was brought to us by the Lumiere brothers in the late 1800’s It was made of concave lens. It sat on a wooden stand. There was a handle that rotated a wheel. The concave lenses were the viewing part of the device. It was a very popular machine during the early 1900’s. Unfortionaly the brothers’ business was burnt down in 1914 in London. World War I diminished the popularity of the machine. There was a similar machine called the mutoscope patented by Herman Casier in 1894. (/fancy-names-and-fun-toys/kinora/mhs)

     The Filoscope looks more like a tape holder than a motion picture machine. It was invented by Henry William in 1897. It was patented in 1898 . It was fixed in a tin plate holder. The holder had an iron lever that was used to cycle through the images to make a animation. It was like a mini Kinora. One of the filmmakers who worked with the Filoscope was Robert Paul who was born in 1869. He was a well-known in the British film industry. In fact, he was the pioneer for it. Paul was Short’s friend. Short was in many of his films included May and Flora Hengler who were dancers. (short) Some of his films can be found on YouTube.

            Flipbooks were very popular for kids during the late 19^th to early 20^th century. Not only were they found in toys but they were found in Children’s books. (Fouché) These books did not seem to have a story but they entertained them with the small animations. Interestingly, like the vinyl, flipbooks are coming back into style. People order their own flipbooks. From what I can defer, businesses use flipbooks to advertise their business. I found a site named flippies that allows you to create your own flipbook and order them. The site has a sample gallery, idea page, and a little snippet in the history of flip books. (Home). The only down part of this website is that the consumer must call in to make one and it does not give you a price for the flipbook until you order. Still, it is interesting that the practice is still around and still popular in some niches in the world today. Probably those that adore antiques like I do.

            The concepts of a flipbook are very interesting to me. Inside a small book a small animation can be played as one turns the pages. Each drawing is a small frame of the animation. It is interesting to know that a small flipbook jumpstarted the ideas of motion picture and motion in a single frame. The fact that small children could experiment with the flipbooks as toys was amazing to read when looking at the size of the machine. As I watched the animations in flipbooks I can’t help but notice similarities in modern programs especially when watching the documentary of “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”.

            Just like animators and children in the past, we can make our own flipbook like animation. There is a Adobe program called Animate that allows you to create your own animation. There is a tool in the program that acts like see-through paper---this is called onion skin. The onion skin allows you to see what you drew on the previous frame to match the movement of the present frame. This is what I thought of at the part where the documentary showed the drawing process of the animation It is strange to see the progression of the technology of animation from the past progression. It seems like the animation of today takes less steps and much more less complex than in the past. Unfortunately, we cannot buy our own Filoscope or Kinetoscope as they are beyond vintage. Not even Ebay has any. I would highly suggest trying to make your own flipbooks to get a taste for what they were like in the early days of animation.

Works Cited

/fancy-names-and-fun-toys/kinora/mhs. n.d. 08 10 2017. <http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/exhibits/fancy-names-and-fun-toys/kinora/>.

Disney: The Making Of Snow White ( 1937 ). Ed. Robert Keller. 06 12 2016. Youtube. 07 10 2017. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N8SDB7EHx-k>.

Fouché, Pascal. history. 2017. 10 10 2017. <http://www.flipbook.info/history.php>.

Home. 2003-2017. Flippies Inc. <http://www.flippies.com/>.

short. n.d. 09 10 2017. <http://www.victorian-cinema.net/short>.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). n.d. 8 10 2017. <http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0029583/?ref_=nv_sr_4>.

viewers. n.d. 09 10 2017. <http://www.flipbook.info/viewers.php>.

An analysis of Der Rosenkavalier

An analysis of Der Rosenkavalier

By Mikaela Arnold

This essay will look at the 1960 opera version that took place in Salzburg at the Vienna state Opera house. The conductor is Herbert von Karajan and the director is Paul Czinner. In this version, the lover is played by a woman named Sena Jurinac. Princess Werdenberg is played by Elisabeth Schwarkopf. The stage looks amazing. It fits the whole scene. In the first scene, doors act as pathways to the different rooms of the house. The sound is clearer than one can imagine on a VHS tape.

Der Rosenkavalier is a German comedy Opera written during the early 1900’s. It was created by Richard Strass who is known for other operas such as Salome. The opera was written by Hugo von Hofmannsthal at the request of Strass. In the past, Hofmannsthal’s work was banned in England. (opera_intro)The opera is about a young princess named Princess Werdenberg falling in love with Count Octaviang Rofrano. The young princess was already married to the Field Marshal Prince Werdenberg. She is a cousin to Baron Ochs von Verchenau who sounds to be a not nice person. The Opera takes place in Feudal Vienna which may have took place in the Middle Ages based on the word “Feudal”.

According to Google Maps, the current location of Vienna is in the country of Austria. It is about a seven-hour drive to Germany. (Google Maps) The possible location that the opera becomes a mystery when one looks at the princess and prince’s name. They are given the name “Seidenberg”. Royalty usually are given the name of the place where they live in addition to their given name at birth. Werdenberg is not a place in Germany or Austria but is in Switzerland. Given the era that the opera takes place, in they could be a part of the German Empire. The German Empire included Austria-Hungary and Germany.

  When this Opera was written, Europe just got out of World War I. The German Empire ended in 1914 (Germany-from-1871-to-1918#ref297552), and Monarchy in Europe decreased. The monarchy had survived World War I but it is thought that, “not a few of the countries which have contributed most to human culture” (Loewenstein). Loewenstein stated that before the war there were kings, dukes, and princes. Afterwards, they left the country. Germany was trying to get Austria to join their union but they refused in fear that Germany would take over (Foerster). I believe that this opera was written to ease the tension of the citizens of Germany. It was important to remember the past of Germany and Austria but in a fun comedic way. It is important now because of the history of opera. The maker of this opera was a huge part of opera.

The opera starts with the lovers embracing on the bed. The princess wants to announce their relationship but the Count wants their relationship to stay a secret. This is probably because the Princess is already married and there might be a scandal. I feel bad for the young African slave serving the princess in a ridiculous outfit and had to walk backwards when he was done with his/her work. It made me smile and laugh when the Count was trying to find a hiding place when the guests came. He ended up crossdressing in a maid’s outfit. This is what confused me. The princess has maids but also slaves working at the castle. Not sure why she needs both. I noticed in operas that when there is panic, the characters voice becomes high pitched and they repeat words.

I do not like the Baron that much. He is set to marry a Nobel woman who was accepted by the Empress, but he is flirting at the Count who is pretending to be a maid. The Nobel woman, Sophia, was forced into the marriage by her father. She is frightened by the man, afraid of standing up for herself, and dependent on the Count to fight for her. He seems to want to take the maid to his house to make her/him his chamber maid. I don’t think he is serious about the marriage at all except that he is looking for someone to deliver the silver rose to his Fiancé. This is what drives the plot along. The Baron is the type of man that has multiple women at his side. He mistreats his bride to be, Sophia causing the Count to come to defend her honor.

According to the Baron, a silver rose is given to a wife before marriage. The rose seems to be one of the main symbols. According to rkdn.org (roses/colors), white roses mean “I am worthy of you.” and secrecy. A single rose means “utmost devotion.” This is the opposite of what the Barron is to his bride to be. The rose is more symbolic of the Count who works to fight the Barron. He deals with the Barron’s advances to catch him in the act and bring him to justice. It was a very funny part of the opera. It reminds me of people not recognizing Superman as Clark Kent. The Barron cannot recognize the maid as the Count. The complex plan is discussed in the next paragraph

There is a love triangle between Sophia, the princess, and the Count.  Despite the love triangle the Count works to take down the sleazy Baron in a complex plot. The Count dresses up as the maid that the Baron fell in love with. This was after the Count injured the Baron with a sword. In my opinion, the Baron overacted. Only his arm was injured and he was not dying. The Count flirts with the Baron and lures him to a Travon in Act 3. This is when my favorite moment of the opera happened. The Baron gets caught having more than one girl. I believed that the police arrested the Baron for this. The Count untimely chooses Sophia as his forever lover. There were no harsh feelings.

I am viewing this on a VHS recording of the opera thanks to YouTube. (playlist?list=PLCFABA7AF2136992A) The way that this opera is filmed, it is hard to discover all the technical elements that went into the opera. The camera centers us to view the important parts of the scene. In some scenes, we are treated to a full view of the stage mostly to set the setting of the scene. Most of the time, the camera tracks the most important character of the scene. We do not get to see the audience except for the very beginning of the opera. Sometimes I can see some video distortions that are common for a VHS tape. As for the technical elements of the opera, we can really get a sense of it in Act III.

In Act III, when the count is catching the Barron in the act, there are many hiding places. On a single square in the floor, there is a secret room that opens. A man hides in that secret room and can pop up to surprise the Barron. Along the walls there are mirrors that open into a secrete room to hide in. The citizens of the town enter the mirrors to hide and wait for the Barron. At a certain time, they pop out of the mirrors to scare the Barron. This was to make the count nervous and gave enough time for the maid to turn back in to the Count’s real identy.

 After the citizens went into their hiding spots, a person lights the lamp. During this time, they did not have light switches like we have today. The person lights up each lamp with a long stick with a fire end to it. They had to do this to each of the three points of a lamp before moving to the next lamp. Later, the Barron turns the lamp off by tapping the points with his hand with the help of a piece of cloth in order not to get burned. The Baron turned the light of so he could have privacy with his new lover. At the end of the opera, the princess’s servant comes in to find her cloth. He/she does this by holding a candle in front of him/her much like a flashlight. I believe that the person controlling the light of the opera imitated the light of the candle by tracking it.

This Opera would be fun to turn into a modern game. I would have the game made in the Unreal engine. I would have the environment created in the Autodesk Maya program. The game assets would be made in either Blender or Maya. I would hire German voice actors to play the parts of the characters. In exchange, there would be an option to turn on English subtitles. Unlike the original opera, there will be no singing in the game except for birds in the forest area. I will divide the game up into four chapters.

The game’s main playable character will be the Count with Sophia and the princess as the main characters. The Barron will be a supporting character member along with Sophia’s father. The citizens of the town will be just npc characters that will help the Count with his quest. The Count will have combat skills, Stealth skills, a hunger bar, and a love meter with a symbol of Sophia and the Princess. The more you talk with Sophia or the Princess by person or by snail mail, the more the love meter rises with that person. This will affect the end of the game. The one with the highest love meter level is the one that you make your forever lover.

Let’s talk about the levels. In Chapter 0 the player plays as the Baron traveling to Sophia’s house at night. This is the tutorial level in which trains you how to fight with a sword using the “CTRL” key to attack. The arrow keys move the character around. The Barons must fight the creatures of the forest who try to get into the carriage. Use the “SPACE” key to command the horse to jump. Use the “SHIFT” key to command the horse to go faster. Unfortunately, the player has to pay attention to how tired or hungry the horse is. This is shown by a hunger and exhaustion bar at the bottom of the screen.

In Chapters 1 on, you play as the Count. In Chapter 1 the players must hide two times in the Princess’s room. There will be a time limit for each which is shown on top of the screen. The player has a choice as where to hide the first time. The second time the only thing the player can do is to put on the maid outfit like in the original opera. If you are caught, it is game over.

In Chapter 2 you must travel by carriage to Sophia’s house to deliver the Silver Rose. This part plays out like Chapter 0 but the Count has a more powerful sword than the Barron. Next, you must fight Sophia’s Father and the Barron to save her from the arrange marriage. Before that you must fight the citizens of the town that try to apprehend you. Both Sophia’s father and the Barron will have a health bar on them. They are the chapter’s final bosses. Fight them with your sword until they reach 0%. They won’t die but they will give up fighting you. The weak Barron will be injured until the end of Chapter 4.

In Chapter 4 you must direct everyone to hide. In the forced romance scene, you can choose different dialogue options to heighten the Barron’s love for you. The Barron will have a love meter shown on the side of the screen. The higher the meter is the more chance that he will suspect you. If the love meter gets below 0% you get caught and it is game over. If you successfully woo him, you can give him to the morality police. From there the game chooses which girl to be your forever lover based on the levels of the love meter on each game.

In the last scene, you will see your character get married in an olden church. The whole town comes. You are congratulated by the Empress for your efforts to bring down the Barron. The Barron is sent to jail and is banned from the kingdom. Your character will get a nasty letter from the Barron blaming you for his misfortune. The game ends and goes to the menu. From there, you can view and play a chapter again. There is a button that will direct you a biography of each of the characters you met along your adventures.

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Works Cited

Foerster, Friedrich W. "Germany and Austria: A European Crisis." Foreign Affairs 9.4 (1931): pp. 617-623. 23 9 2017. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/20030390>.

Germany-from-1871-to-1918#ref297552. Ed. inc. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 9 2017. 25 9 2017. <https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Germany-from-1871-to-1918#ref297552>.

Google Maps. n.d. 26 09 2017. <https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Germany/Vienna,+Austria/@49.384041,12.3525208,7z/data=!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x479a721ec2b1be6b:0x75e85d6b8e91e55b!2m2!1d10.451526!2d51.165691!1m5!1m1!1s0x476d079e5136ca9f:0xfdc2e58a51a25b46!2m2!1d16.3738189!2d48.2081743>.

Loewenstein, Karl. "Monarchy Gains Lost Ground in Europe." Social Science Vol. 11 (1936): 202-215. 23 09 2017. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/41882889>.

opera_intro. n.d. 26 9 2017. <https://www.naxos.com/education/opera_intro.asp>.

playlist?list=PLCFABA7AF2136992A. n.d. <https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCFABA7AF2136992A>.

roses/colors. n.d. 26 09 2017. <http://www.rkdn.org/roses/colors.asp>.